The Advances and Application of ABO Blood Group Genotyping Technology --Review / 中国实验血液学杂志

The ABO blood group system is the most important blood group system in clinical transfusion. Serological technology is a routine method for the identification of ABO blood groups, however, which have some limitations in the identification of complicated ABO samples with weakened antigens or antibodies, abnormal plasma proteins, polyagglutination, or cold agglutinin, etc. With the development of molecular biology technology, ABO blood group gene was cloned, and ABO blood group genotyping technology based on DNA was established. The genotyping technologies with different throughputs such as PCR-SSP, Droplet-AS-PCR, PCR-RFLP, PCR-SBT, SNaPshot, MALDI-TOF MS and NGS have emerged. Genotyping has overcome the limitations of serology, and has become an indispensable method to solve difficult blood type, providing strong support for the correct identification of ABO blood group, and providing guarantee for precision blood transfusion. This review summarizes the progress and application of ABO blood group genotyping methods.

The Establishment and Application of Flow Cytometry on the Detection of Jka Antigen in Kidd Blood Group / 中国实验血液学杂志

OBJECTIVE@#To establish a based method flow cytometry to identify the antigen Jka in human red blood cells (RBCs) and verify its accuracy.@*METHODS@#A total of 96 blood samples were enrolled in the study randomly from the voluntary blood donors in Shenzhen Blood Center. The RBCs were incubated with IgG anti-Jka primary antibody, and then labeled with the secondary antibody anti-IgG-Alexa Fluor 647. The fluorescence histograms of each sample were obtained by flow cytometry. Serological agglutination test was used to compare the accuracy of flow cytometry in the detecting of antigen Jka, while PCR-SSP and gene sequencing genotyping were used to verify the accuracy of flow cytometry in the detecting of the antigen in human RBCs.@*RESULTS@#The results of flow cytometry for antigen Jka in human RBCs were consistent with those from serological tests. Samples that demonstrated higher serological agglutination intensity also showed higher fluorescence activity, which indicate more stronger of Jka antigen. The sensitivity of flow cytometry was higher than that of serological test; especially in distinguish Jka weak and negative samples. Flow cytometric results of all samples were consistent with the genotyping results, which confirmed the accuracy of flow cytometry.@*CONCLUSION@#The study established a new flow cytometry-based method successfully for the identification of Jka antigen of Kidd blood group in human RBCs. The Kidd blood group antigen Jka of different intensities can be accurately distinguished by the technique.

Correlação entre o sistema sanguíneo ABO e portadores de gastrite / Correlation between the ABO blood group system and gastritis

RESUMO: Introdução: A infecção pelo Helicobacter pylori (HP) e fatores ambientais são importantes fatores de risco para gastrite. Estudos apontam correlação entre o sistema ABO e doenças gastrointestinais. Objetivos: caracterizar o perfil sociodemográfico de portadores de gastrite e HP e sua correlação com o sistema do grupo sanguíneo ABO. Materiais e métodos: Estudo prospectivo e descritivo, realizado em Aracaju, Sergipe, Brasil, de abril/2018 a maio/2019. Amostra constituída por 133 pacientes que realizaram endoscopia digestiva alta, análise histopatológi-ca e tipagem sanguínea. Foram diagnosticados com gastrite 93 pacientes. Utilizou-se questionário sociodemográ-fico e clínico. Os dados foram analisados pelo RCore Team 2019 e submetidos a análises descritivas e inferenciais. Nível de significância 5%. Resultados: Idade média 53,7 anos (DP 17,4) sendo 48 (51,6%) do sexo masculino (p=0,018), 56 (65,9%) pardos, 45 (52,9%) casados e 33 (35,5%) tinham empregos fixos. Dos portadores de gastrite, 59 (63,4%) eram do tipo sanguíneo O. Dentre os tipos de gastrite, 31(33,4%) eram enantematosa leve e 16 (51,6%) desses eram do tipo O. Houve prevalência do tipo O em todos os graus de atividade inflamatória. Foi detectado H. pylori em 29 (31,2%) pacientes, sendo o fenótipo O mais prevalente nos graus moderado e severo da infecção. Conclusão: Os homens foram mais acometidos de gastrite, independente do tipo segundo a classificação de Sydney. O fenótipo sanguíneo O foi mais prevalente nos portadores de gastrite, naqueles que apresentaram atividade inflamatória à histologia e em portadores de H. pylori grau moderado e severo. (AU)

ABSTRACT: Introduction: Helicobacter pylori (HP) infection and environmental factors are important risk factors for gastritis. Studies show a correlation between the ABO system and gastrointestinal diseases. Aims: To characterize the sociodemographic profile of patients with gastritis and HP and its correlation with the ABO blood group system. Materials and methods: Prospective and descriptive study, carried out in Aracaju, Sergipe, Brazil, from April / 2018 to May / 2019. Samples were collected from 133 patients who underwent upper digestive endoscopy, histo-pathological analysis, and blood typing. Out of which, 93 patients were diagnosed with gastritis. A sociodemographic and clinical questionnaire was also used. Data analyzed by RCore Team 2019 and submitted to descriptive and inferential analyzes. Results: Average age 53.7 (SD 17.4) with 48 (51.6%) being male (p = 0.018), 56 (65.9%) brown, 45 (52.9%) married and 33 (35.5%) pursuing permanent jobs. Fifty-nine patients (63.4%) out of those with gastritis were blood type O. Among the types of gastritis, 31 (33.4%) were mild enanthematous and 16 (51.6%) of these were type O. There was a prevalence type O in all degrees of inflammatory activity. H. pylori were detected in 29 (31.2%) patients; the most prevalent phenotype being the moderate and severe degrees of infection. Conclusion: Men were mostly affected by gastritis, regardless of the type according to the Sydney classification. The blood phenotype O was more prevalent in patients with gastritis, in those who had inflammatory activity at histology and in patients with moderate, and severe H.pylori. (AU)

The Results of ABO/RhD Blood Group and Comparative Analysis Detected by Two Methods in Infants Younger than 6 Months / 中国实验血液学杂志

OBJECTIVE@#To detect the ABO / RhD blood type of infants younger than 6 months in different gestational age and month old with automatic microcolumn glass sphere and tube method, and compare the result of the two methods.@*METHODS@#The data of 896 samples of infants younger than 6 months from January 2018 to February 2019 was collected. The two methods were used to detect ABO/RhD blood type in all samples and compare the detection rate of ABO/RhD antigen and ABO reverse typing and agglutination intensity of the two methods.@*RESULTS@#Three hundred and eight cases of type A (34.4%), 281 cases of type B (31.4%), 210 cases of type O (23.4%), 97 cases of type AB (10.8%), and 896 positive cases of RhD blood type were detected out by two methods. There were no significant differences of ABO/RhD antigen agglutination intensity between two methods (P > 0.05). Except for type AB, the detection rate of ABO reverse typing in infants with type B was significantly higher than that with type A and type O (P < 0.05). The agglutination intensity of type A reverse cell was higher than type B reverse cell (P < 0.05). The fully automatic microcolumn glass sphere method exhibited higher detection rate of ABO reverse typing in the samples of type A and type O group and agglutination intensity of ABO reverse typing in all types as compared with the tube method (P < 0.05). The detection rate and agglutination intensity of ABO reverse typing in term group were significantly higher than those in preterm group (P < 0.05). The fully automatic microcolumn glass sphere method exhibited higher detection rate of ABO reverse typing and agglutination intensity compared with the tube method between two groups (P < 0.05). The detection rate and agglutination intensity of ABO reverse typing in group IV (4-6 months old) were significantly higher than those in groups I, II and III (young than 3 months old) (P < 0.05). The fully automatic microcolumn glass sphere method exhibited higher detection rate of ABO reverse typing in I, II, III groups and agglutination intensity of ABO reverse typing in the 4 groups compared with the tube method (P < 0.05).@*CONCLUSION@#ABO / RhD blood group antigen can be accurated detected in majority of infants, but the detection rate of ABO antibody is related to gestational age and month age of infants. The detection rate and agglutination intensity of the fully automatic microcolumn glass sphere method in ABO reverse typing are higher than those of the tube method, especially for premature infants and children within 3 months old.

Detection of Irregular Antibodies after Blood Transfusion for Children with Thalassemia in Hainan / 中国实验血液学杂志

OBJECTIVE@#To investigate the irregular antibody positive rate and antibody specificity in children with thalassemia received long-term blood transfusion in Hainan area and analyze the causes of antibody screening positive.@*METHODS@#Micro-column gel method was used to screen the irregular antibody in 49 children who received transfusion treatment in our hospital, and the antibody specificity of the positive samples was evaluated.@*RESULTS@#Fourteen of 49 cases showed positive for screening. Among them, 11 cases showed Rh blood group antibody after detecting antibody specificity, 1 case showed the coexistence of irregular antibody and autoantibody. One case for anti-JK@*CONCLUSION@#Most of the antibodies produced after long-term blood transfusion in the children with thalassemia belong to Rh blood group antibodies; the children with mixed thalassemia are more likely to produce antibodies; the antibody screening positive rate of Li nationality is higher than that of Han nationality, which may be caused by the genetic difference of blood type between Li nationality and Han nationality.

Molecular genetic analysis of two individuals with weak D variant of the Rh blood type / 中华医学遗传学杂志

OBJECTIVE@#To explore the molecular basis of two individuals with weak D variant of the Rh blood type.@*METHODS@#Routine serological testing was carried out to detect the D, C, c, E and e antigens of the Rh blood group. The D antigen was further detected with an indirect antiglobulin test. The presence of Rhesus box was detected by PCR to determine the homozygosity of the RHD gene.@*RESULTS@#Both samples were determined as weak D phenotype by the indirect antiglobulin test. DNA sequencing revealed that case 1 harbored a heterozygous 208C>T variant in exon 2 and a heterozygous 1227G>A variant in exon 9; while case 2 harbored homozygous 779A>G variants of exon 5 of the RHD gene. Case 1 was determined as RHD+/RHD+, while case 2 was determined as RHD+/RHD-. The two samples were respectively named as weak D type 122 and weak D type 149 based on the rules of Rhesus Base Nomenclature.@*CONCLUSION@#D negative blood donors should subject to indirect antiglobulin testing and molecular analysis for safer transfusion.

Molecular characterization of a recombination allele of ABO blood group / 中华医学遗传学杂志

OBJECTIVE@#To analyze the molecular characteristics of a recombinant allele of the ABO blood group.@*METHODS@#The ABO phenotype was determined with the tube method. The coding regions of the ABO and FUT1 genes were analyzed by PCR-sequence based typing. The ABO alleles of the proband were determined by allele-specific primer sequencing. The full sequences of the ABO gene of the proband and her mother were determined through next generation sequencing.@*RESULTS@#The red blood cells of the proband did not agglutinate with anti-H, and the sequence of the FUT1 gene was homozygous for c.551_552delAG.The proband was thereby assigned as para-Bombay. Bi-directional sequencing also found that she was heterozygous for c.261G/del,467C>T,c.526C>G,c.657C>T,c.703G>A,c.796C>A,c.803G>C and c.930G>A of the coding regions of the ABO gene. Allele-specific primer sequencing also found her to carry a ABO*A1.02 allele and a recombinant allele from ABO*O.01.01 and ABO*B.01. The recombination site was located between nucleotide c.375-269 and c.526, and the allele was maternally derived.@*CONCLUSION@#An recombinant allele of the ABO gene has been identified, which has originated from recombination of ABO*O.01.01 with the ABO*B.01 allele.

Blood typing in positive DEA 1 dogs: comparative analysis between immunochromatography, hemagglutination and flow cytometry / Tipificação sanguínea em cães AEC 1 positivo: análise comparativa entre a imunocromatografia, hemoaglutinação e citometria de fluxo

Blood typing techniques have been improved to ensure greater safety for transfusion procedures. Typification for the DEA 1 antigen through flow cytometry should offer more reliability to routine immunohematology in donor and recipient dogs. Currently, the DEA 1 group is starting to be an autosomal dominant allelic system with the DEA 1 negative type and its variations of positivity. The present study investigated the DEA 1 antigen using the techniques of immunochromatography, hemagglutination and flow cytometry. Among the positive animals for the DEA 1 group, typified by flow cytometry, medium intensities of fluorescence were found, which are indicative of weak, moderate and strong antigenicity. This enabled the division of the DEA 1 group into weak positive, moderate positive and strong positive. The blood typing techniques for the DEA 1 group by flow cytometry, agglutination and immunochromatography had positive (Spearman r=0.70) and statistically significant (p>0.0001) correlations.(AU)

As técnicas de tipificação sanguínea vêm sendo aperfeiçoadas para garantir maior segurança aos procedimentos transfusionais. A tipificação para o antígeno AEC 1 com o emprego da citometria de fluxo poderá oferecer mais confiabilidade à rotina da imunohematologia em cães doadores e receptores. Na atualidade, o grupo AEC 1 passou a ser denominado como um sistema alélico autossômico dominante com o tipo AEC 1 negativo e suas variações de positividade. O presente trabalho comparou os resultados de três técnicas utilizadas para a pesquisa do antígeno AEC 1: cromatografia; hemoaglutinação e citometria de fluxo. Dentro dos indivíduos positivos para o grupo AEC 1, tipificados pela citometria de fluxo, foram encontradas intensidades médias de fluorescência indicadoras de antigenicidade fraca, moderada e forte, podendo-se dividir o grupo AEC 1 em positivo fraco, positivo moderado e positivo forte. As técnicas de tipificação sanguínea para o grupo AEC 1 por cromatografia, hemoaglutinação e citometria de fluxo apresentaram correlação positiva (Spearman r=0,70) e estatisticamente significativa (p<0,0001).(AU)

DEA 1. 1 blood group frequency in dogs attended at the veterinary hospital of UFMT (Sinop/MT), risk of DEA 1 negative dog sensitization and occurrence of hemolytic transfusion reaction in a second blood transfusion / Frequência do grupo sanguíneo DEA 1. 1 em cães atendidos no Hospital Veterinário da UFMT (Sinop/MT), risco de sensibilização de cães DEA 1 negativos e da ocorrência de reação transfusional hemolítica por ocasião de uma segunda transfusão de sangue

The goal of this research was to identify the frequency of the DEA 1.1 blood group in dogs from Sinop, Mato Grosso, Brazil, to help in the recruitment of compatible blood donors and recipients, and to assess the risk of transfusion reactions in previously sensitized dogs. Also, from the obtained results, to pick potential blood donors to compose a data bank. 195 adult dogs (1 to 4 years old), males and females, mongrel and purebred dogs were screened at the Veterinary Hospital of the University of Mato Grosso. The DEA 1.1 blood typing was performed using commercially available immunochromatographic strip for DEA 1.1 (Quick Test DEA 1.1, Alvedia, Lyon, France). The results showed a general frequency of 65% for DEA 1.1 positive dogs (n = 126) and 35% for DEA 1 negative dogs (n = 69). The general risk of sensitization of a DEA 1 negative dog following a first transfusion with DEA 1.1 positive blood was 23%, while the risk of this sensitized recipient to receive DEA 1.1 positive blood in a second transfusion and to develop an acute hemolytic reaction was calculated to be 5%. The blood typing of the dogs allowed their classification as DEA 1 typed blood donors, in a preliminary data bank, and also ensured the safety of blood transfusions.

Objetivou-se identificar a frequência do grupo sanguíneo DEA 1.1 em cães de Sinop, Mato Grosso, Brasil, para auxiliar a seleção de doadores e receptores de sangue compatíveis e, adicionalmente, avaliar o risco de reações transfusionais em cães sensibilizados. Além disso, a partir dos resultados obtidos, selecionar potenciais doadores de sangue para compor um banco de dados. Um total de 195 cães adultos (de 1 a 4 anos de idade), machos e fêmeas, mestiços e puros, que nunca haviam recebido transfusões de sangue, foram triados no Hospital Veterinário da Universidade do Mato Grosso. A tipagem sanguínea DEA 1.1 foi realizada utilizando-se ensaio imunocromatográfico comercialmente disponível para DEA 1.1 (Quick Test DEA 1.1, Alvedia, Lyon, França). Os resultados demonstraram uma frequência geral de 65% para cães DEA 1.1 positivos (n = 126) e 35% para cães DEA 1 negativos (n = 69). O risco geral de sensibilização de cães DEA 1 negativos após uma primeira transfusão com sangue DEA 1.1 positivo foi calculado em 23%, enquanto o risco deste receptor sensibilizado receber sangue DEA 1.1 positivo em uma segunda transfusão e desenvolver uma reação hemolítica aguda foi calculado em 5%. A tipagem sanguínea dos cães permitiu sua inserção como doadores de sangue tipados para o grupo DEA 1 em um banco de dados preliminar e garantiu a segurança das transfusões de sangue.

Applicability of an instrument to identify human leukocyte antigen-compatible donors for platelet transfusions

ABSTRACT Background: The selection of compatible human leukocyte antigen platelets has been associated with improved platelet increments. Therefore, an effective strategy would be the selection of donors who are genetically compatible according to the human leukocyte antigen system. Nonetheless, this is costly as it concerns a highly polymorphic system, which requires a large bank of genotyped donors. Methods: This study evaluated the feasibility of virtual crossmatching using EpVix software, which simplifies the identification of compatible donors or donors with acceptable incompatibilities. Results: Forty-three oncohematological patients were evaluated, in 96 platelet transfusion episodes with 16.3% of the patients being found to be refractory to platelet transfusions. Eight alloimmunized, multitransfused patients were selected to evaluate human leukocyte antigen compatibility against a bank of 336 platelet donors. At least partially compatible donors were found for all patients. The number of compatible donors was found to be inversely proportional to the human leukocyte antigen-panel reactive antibody score of each patient. It was noted that five patients with scores of 15% or less had at least 190 compatible donors; four fully compatible donors were found for two other patients with scores greater than 80% and only one patient (score of 93%) did not have a fully compatible donor. However, for this last patient, 40 donors were partially compatible according to the software. Conclusion: The results showed the effectiveness of the use of the EpVix tool to identify potential platelet donors for multitransfused and/or alloimmunized patients, even with a small number of human leukocyte antigen genotyped donors available.

Evaluación entre dos tecnologías usando Técnicas de Aglutinación en Columna (TAC) para la titulación e identificación de aloanticuerpos anti-eritrocitarios (columnas de micro-esferas de cristal y columnas de gel) / Evaluation between two technologies using Column Agglutination Techniques (TAC) for the titration and identification of anti-erythrocytic alloantibodies (columns of glass microspheres and gel columns)

Introducción: La presencia de anticuerpos anti eritrocitarios disminuye la sobrevida de los eritrocitos mediante la presencia de enfermedad hemolítica post transfusional en los pacientes oncológicos. La selección de la tecnología más conveniente para la determinación de los anticuerpos antieritrocitarios está directamente relacionada con la prevención de las reacciones transfusionales hemolíticas que son las responsables de la morbilidad y mortalidad relacionadas con la transfusión. El objetivo del presente estudio fue valorar la asociación estadística entre la técnica tradicional del gel versus la técnica de microesferas de cristal. Métodos: El estudio fue realizado en el laboratorio Clínico del Instituto Oncológico Nacional Dr. Juan Tanca Marengo, Solca-Guayaquil el período de estudio enero 2017 a marzo del 2017. Se realizaron técnicas de titulación a partir de muestras de sangre periférica con aloanticuerpos anti-eritrocitarios de especificidad única que habían sido detectados durante la realización de las pruebas pre-transfusionales. Las muestras fueron procesadas con la tecnología conocida usando la Técnica de Aglutinación en Columnas, columnas con gel. Posterior a realizar las pruebas pretransfusionales en los casos que presentaran positiva la prueba de escrutinio de anticuerpos o test de Coombs indirecto, inmediatamente después se llevaba a cabo la identificación del anticuerpo usando la misma técnica.Simultáneamente se realizaba las mismas pruebas usando la misma muestra con la otra tecnología de microesferas cristalizadas. Las reacciones de aglutinación se clasificaron como fuertemente positivas (4+ y 3+), moderadamente positivas (2+ y 1+) y positivo débil (w+). El análisis estadístico se utilizó correlación de Spearman. Resultados: En el período de estudio se efectuaron detección e identificación en 9 muestras. Seis muestras mostraron títulos idénticos, para ambas tecnologías, en 2 muestras se mostró títulos más altos con la tecnología en gel, y en 1 muestra se observó títulos más altos con la tecnología en micro esferas de cristal. La asociación Mediante Rho de Spearman entre las dos pruebas fue de R=0.84; r2=0.72, P=0.005. Conclusión: Existen una buena asociación entre las técnicas de gel y microesferas de cristal para la identificación de anticuerpos antieritrocitarios.

Introduction: The presence of anti-erythrocyte antibodies reduces the survival of erythrocytes by the presence of post-transfusion hemolytic disease in cancer patients. The selection of the most convenient technology for the determination of antierithrocytic antibodies is directly related to the prevention of hemolytic transfusion reactions that are responsible for the morbidity and mortality related to transfusion. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the statistical association between the traditional gel technique versus the crystal microsphere technique. Methods: The study was conducted in the Clinical Laboratory of the Dr. Juan Tanca Marengo National Oncological Institute, Solca-Guayaquil during the study period January 2017 to March 2017. Titration techniques were performed from peripheral blood samples with anti-alloantibodies-erythrocytes of unique specificity that had been detected during the pre-transfusion tests. The samples were processed with the known technology using the Agglutination Technique in Columns, columns with gel. After carrying out the pretransfusion tests in cases that presented a positive antibody test or indirect Coombs test, the antibody was immediately identified using the same technique. Simultaneously, the same tests were performed using the same sample with the other crystallized microsphere technology. The agglutination reactions were classified as strongly positive (4+ and 3+), moderately positive (2+ and 1+) and weak positive (w +). The statistical analysis was used Spearman's correlation. Results: In the study period, detection and identification were made in 9 samples. Six samples showed identical titers, for both technologies, 2 samples showed higher titers with gel technology, and in 1 sample higher titers were observed with the technology in crystal micro spheres. The association by Rho of Spearman between the two tests was R = 0.84; r2 = 0.72, P = 0.005. Conclusion: There is a good association between gel techniques and crystal microspheres for the identification of antierithrocytic antibodies.

Molecular basis of the B(A) phenotype / 中华医学遗传学杂志

OBJECTIVE@#To explore the serological and molecular characteristics of a female with the B(A) phenotype and safety issues related to her blood transfusion.@*METHODS@#The B(A) phenotype of the proband was confirmed by serological testing. Her genotype was determined by using polymerase chain reaction-sequence specific primer (PCR-SSP) and direct sequencing of exons 6 and 7 of the ABO locus. Clinical condition of her blood transfusion was also reviewed.@*RESULTS@#Both A and B antigens were detected on the red blood cells derived from the proband, while anti-A antibody was detected in her serum. The result of PCR-SSP suggested that she has a B/O02 phenotype. DNA sequencing revealed presence of 297A>G, 526C>G, 657C>T, 700C>G, 703G>A, 796C>A, 803G>C and 930G>A mutations. The genotype of the proband was deduced as B(A) 02/O02. Compared with the B101 allele, the B(A)02 allele has a nucleotide change (C>G) at position 700, which resulted in substitution of an amino acid (P234A). The result of cross match testing between the proband and two donors with an AB phenotype was consistent. No adverse reaction was observed after the transfusion.@*CONCLUSION@#700G>C of B allele can result in the B(A) phenotype, which is similar to AB. Blood donors for individuals with the B(A) phenotype should include those with an AB phenotype.

Prevalence of dog erythrocyte antigen 1, determined via immunochromatography, in domestic dogs in Korea / 대한수의학회지

Blood group determination in dogs is an important factor in transfusion medicine to minimize immediate or delayed adverse reactions after red blood cells transfusion in small animal clinics. Dog erythrocyte antigen (DEA) 1 is the most important blood type due to its high degree of antigenicity causing acute transfusion adverse reactions. The aim of this study was to investigate the prevalence of DEA 1 in various dog breeds in Korea. As a result of testing 592 blood samples from more than 35 dog breeds, DEA 1 blood typing for each breed showed that 57.8% of Malteses, 63.3% of Poodles, 76.2% of Mastiff-like dogs, 72.5% of Pomeranians, 47.7% of Shih Tzus, 70.3% of mixed breeds, 60.0% of Yorkshire Terriers, and 71.4% of Beagles were DEA 1-positive. Miniature Schnauzers and Jindo breeds had a significantly high prevalence (100%) of DEA 1-positive dogs compared to that in other small breed dogs. This is the first report of immunochromatography-detected DEA 1 prevalence in various domestic dog breeds. Although additional studies need clarifying the potential blood transfusion risks in domestic breed dogs with DEA 1, the results of this study may be useful when selecting a blood donor.

Helicobacter spp. in domestic cats: identification and relationship with anatomical and histopathological gastric changes in animals of blood group A / Helicobacter spp. em gatos domésticos: identificação e relação com alterações gástricas anatômicas e histopatológicas em animais de sangue tipo A

The aim of this study was to evaluate the presence of gastric Helicobacter-like organisms and the endoscopic and histopathological changes in domestic cats with blood type A. Samples from the stomach antrum, body and fundus were collected from 32 mixed-breed stray domestic cats using gastroscopy. Urease testing and cytological analysis were performed in fresh samples. Tissue sections were processed and stained with hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) and the Warthin-Starry (WS) silver staining methods for histopathological examination. Helicobacter spp. were detected in 100% of samples subjected to silver staining and cytological analysis, and in 96.9% of samples subjected to urease testing. In 87.5% of the cats, mononuclear inflammatory-cell infiltrates were identified. The graduation and distribution of inflammatory infiltrates in these cats revealed mild (78.1%) to moderate (9.4%) inflammatory changes in at least one gastric region. These changes were independent of the colonization score. Hyperplasia of the lymphoid follicles was detected in three cats. Cats of blood group A are often colonized by Helicobacter spp. and the macroscopic and microscopic findings are consistent with studies in domestic cats reported to date, concluding that the most common blood group in cats is not associated with high susceptibility to symptomatic gastritis.(AU)

O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a presença de organismos semelhantes a Helicobacter e as alterações endoscópicas e histopatológicas em estômago de gatos domésticos de sangue tipo A. Amostras de antro, corpo e fundo gástricos foram coletadas de 32 gatos, sem raça definida, não domiciliados através de gastroscopia. Teste de urease e análise citológica foram realizados em amostras frescas. Secções teciduais foram processadas e coradas com hematoxilina e eosina e pela prata pelo método de Warthin-Starry para avaliação histológica. Helicobacter spp. foi detectado em 100% das amostras submetidas às análises citológicas e coloração pela prata e em 96,9% das amostras submetidas ao teste de urease. Em 87,5% dos gatos foi identificado infiltrado inflamatório mononuclear. A graduação e distribuição do infiltrado inflamatório nestes gatos revelaram alterações leves (78,1%) a moderada (9,4%) em pelo menos uma região gástrica. Estas alterações eram independentes do escore de colonização. Hiperplasia de folículos linfoides foram detectadas em 3 gatos. Gatos do grupo sanguíneo A são frequentemente colonizados por Helicobacter spp. e os achados macro e microscópicos são consistentes com estudos em gatos domésticos realizados até a presente data. Conclui-se que o grupo sanguíneo mais comum em gatos não está associado com uma alta susceptibilidade a gastrite sintomática causada por Helicobacter spp.(AU)

Sistema de grupos sanguíneos AB em felídeos neotropicais e compatibilidade com gatos domésticos / AB blood group system in neotropical felids and compatibility with domestic cats

O principal sistema de grupos sanguíneos reconhecido para gatos é o AB. Os felinos apresentam anticorpos naturais contra o antígeno do tipo sanguíneo a que não pertencem, o que torna os testes de compatibilidade e as tipagens sanguíneas importantes na prevenção de reações transfusionais. O objetivo deste estudo foi realizar a tipagem sanguínea de oito gatos-mouriscos (Puma yagouaroundi), oito jaguatiricas (Leopardus pardalis), sete gatos-palheiros (Leopardus colocolo), sete gatos domésticos (Felis catus) da raça Persa e oito gatos domésticos sem raça definida (SRD), bem como realizar testes de compatibilidade entre os tipos sanguíneos iguais das diferentes espécies, para avaliar a possibilidade de transfusões interespecíficas. A técnica empregada para a tipagem foi a hemaglutinação em tubos de ensaio. A ocorrência do tipo sanguíneo tipo A foi de 100% entre as jaguatiricas, os gatos-palheiros e os gatos Persas e de 85,72% entre os gatos SRD. A ocorrência do tipo B foi de 100% nos gatos-mouriscos e de 14,28% nos gatos SRD. Considerando os testes de compatibilidade sanguínea, 87,5% (n=4) das jaguatiricas foram incompatíveis com os gatos domésticos, 100% (n= 6) dos gatos-palheiros foram compatíveis com os gatos domésticos e 100% (n= 4) dos gatos-mouriscos foram incompatíveis com os gatos domésticos do tipo B.(AU)

The blood group system recognized for cats is AB. Antibodies against other blood types occur naturally in cats, which makes the compatibility tests and blood typing important for preventing transfusion reactions. Wild felids need blood transfusions in cases of diseases and when run over on highways. The aim of this study was to perform blood typing of eight jaguarundies (Puma yagouaroundi), eight ocelots (Leopardus pardalis), seven pampas cats (Leopardus colocolo), seven domestic cats (Felis catus) of Persian breed and eight non-pedigree domestic cats (Felis catus), and test compatibility among the different species with the same blood types, to evaluate the possibility of performing interspecific blood transfusions. We conducted the study from August to December. We used haemagglutination in test tubes for typing. The occurrence of blood type A was 100% among ocelots, pampas cats and domestic cats of Persian breed, while non-pedigree domestic cats showed 85.72%. The occurrence of type B was 100% for jaguarundis and 14.28% for non-pedigree domestic cats. Regarding blood compatibility tests, 87.5% (n= 4) of the ocelots were incompatible with domestic cats; 100% (n=6) of the pampas cats were compatible with domestic cats, while 100% (n=4) of the jaguarundis were incompatible with type B domestic cats.(AU)

Serological and molecular study of three cases with a rare Bx02 blood group / 中华医学遗传学杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To determine the genotypes of three blood samples suspected as B subtype through DNA sequencing.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>The samples were first genotyped with PCR-SSP. Exons 6 and 7 of the ABO genes were subjected to PCR, direct sequencing, and cloned sequencing to determine the genotypes.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>Serological results of the three samples were similar, with red cells being weakly agglutinatable by anti-B and serum containing anti-B. The samples were preliminarily genotyped as B/O1. Sequencing analysis showed that all three samples contained an O allele and a 905A>G mutation of the B gene, which was previously defined as Bx02.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>Through sequencing analysis, the three samples typed as B subtype with serological testing were identified as Bx phenotype. The genotype of samples 1 and 2 was Bx02/O101, and that of sample 3 was Bx02/O102.</p>

Comparison of ABO Blood Group Typing between Automated Blood Bank Analyzer IH-500 and Manual Method / 대한수혈학회지

BACKGROUND: According to increased availability and awareness of automated blood bank analyzer with its speed and efficiency, use of automated analyzer in hospital blood bank has been increasing rapidly. We compared the ABO blood group typing results between automated analyzer IH-500 and manual method in healthy adults and patients with ABO discrepancies to provide useful information on interpretation of blood grouping results by automated analyzer. METHODS: Among healthy adults who underwent medical examinations, 400 samples (each 100 samples of A, B, O and AB type) were selected and evaluated the results and grades of blood grouping by automated and manual methods. Also, 50 samples showing ABO discrepancies among patients requested for pretransfusion test were selected and compared between two methods. As for samples with ABO discrepancies, further tests such as microscopic examination, reactivity with anti-A1 or ABO genotyping along with medical record review were performed. RESULTS: Agglutination results and grades in healthy adults were consistent between two methods. Meanwhile, 30 (60%) of ABO discrepant samples were related to rouleaux formation and their frequencies and agglutination grades were higher in automated method (Wilcoxon signed rank test, P=0.001). Results of discrepant samples caused by unexpected antibody or ABO subgroup showed no differences between two methods. CONCLUSION: IH-500 automated analyzer was considered useful for mass examination of healthy individuals. Meanwhile, considering the fact that ABO discrepancies by rouleaux formation were more frequent and stronger in automated method, it is recommended to retest their results by manual methods along with medical record review.

Experience in Improving ABO Blood Typing Error at the Blood Donation Site / 대한수혈학회지

BACKGROUND: In the Korean Red Cross Blood Center, ABO blood typing are routinely performed only via red cell grouping at blood donations sites. However, when an error occurs in this process, it is impossible to issue a blood product contrary to the result of the blood type of the Blood Laboratory Center, thereby resulting in delayed supply. Therefore, efforts are needed to reduce typing errors at blood donation sites. METHODS: We analyzed 656,786 donor screenings between January 1, 2016 and December 31, 2016;we also analyzed the statistical data of donor ABO typing between 2013 and 2015. To reduce ABO typing error, we notified and trained nurses at Busan, Gyeongnam, Ulsan, and Daegu-Gyeongbuk Blood centers in June, 2016. We tried to confirm the improvement of ABO typing error at blood donation sites by comparing ABO typing before and after training. For data comparison, chi-square test was conducted (95% confidence interval, 0.05 significant level). RESULTS: The blood typing error rate was significantly lower (P=0.003) four months after training (0.005%) than before training (0.015%), and the blood typing error rate was significantly higher for the first blood donor (P<0.001). CONCLUSION: Educational training for nurses at blood donation sites may be effective in reducing ABO typing error. Continuous and regular training seems to be needed in future to reduce ABO typing error.

Evaluation of the Automated Immunohematology Analyzer DAYMATE M

BACKGROUND: An automated immunohematology analyzer, DAYMATE M (DAY Medical, Switzerland), has been recently developed. The potential of this analyzer to improve test results has been evaluated. METHODS: A total of 300 blood samples from Seoul St. Mary's hospital and Incheon St. Mary's hospital were tested for ABO and RhD typing. In addition, 336 antibody screening test (AST) samples and 82 patients treated with hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) were included. AST results by DAYMATE M were compared with those obtained by a manual method using DS-Screening II (Bio-Rad Laboratories, Switzerland) and red blood cells from Selectogen (Ortho-Clinical diagnostics Inc., USA). RESULTS: Of the 300 patients enrolled, 87, 73, 79, and 61 had type A, B, O, and AB blood, respectively. The concordance rate was 99.9% for cell typing and 97.0% for serum typing. One discordant case was classified as type B instead of AB, and six discordant serum-typing cases were type A, but classified as type AB. Among the 336 AST samples, the concordance rate was 93.2%. From 136 positive cases, six were discordant. Within the 82 HSCT-treated patients, the concordance rate for ABO blood typing was 92.2%. Among the six discordant cases, DAYMATE M typed four cases as donor type where the standard method typed them as the recipient blood type. CONCLUSIONS: The DAYMATE M automated immunohematology analyzer performs reliably for ABO and RhD typing, as well as for ASTs and on samples from patients treated with HSCT.

Evaluation of the Automated Blood Bank Systems IH-500 and VISION Max for ABO-RhD Blood Typing and Unexpected Antibody Screening

BACKGROUND: The use of automated systems for pre-transfusion tests is increasing in an attempt to reduce workload and the impact of human errors in blood banks. We evaluated the clinical performance of the automated blood bank systems IH-500 (Bio-Rad Laboratories, Switzerland) and VISION Max (Ortho-Clinical Diagnostics, USA) for ABO-RhD blood typing and unexpected antibody screening. METHODS: ABO-RhD blood typing was performed for 410 samples, and antibody screening was performed for 332 samples, including 15 antibody-positive samples. The results obtained from the two automated instruments were compared with those obtained using manual methods for ABO-RhD blood typing and a semiautomated method (DiaMed-ID system) for antibody screening. Additionally, both instruments were evaluated in terms of concordance rates, sensitivity, and carryover. RESULTS: The concordance rate of the ABO-RhD blood typing results between the manual methods and the two automated instruments was 100%. For antibody screening tests, the concordance rates between the semiautomated method (DiaMed-ID system) and the automated methods were 100% and 99.7% for the IH-500 and VISION Max instruments, respectively. The sole discrepant result was obtained for a sample identified as antibody-positive only on the VISION Max; the antibody was identified as anti-Le(a). The overall sensitivity of the two automated instruments was the same as or higher than that of the semiautomated method. Carryover was not observed in antibody screening. CONCLUSIONS: The IH-500 and VISION Max instruments showed reliable results for ABO-RhD blood typing and unexpected antibody screening, and can be used clinically, with confidence, for pre-transfusion tests in the blood bank.